Michal Bartoň graduated from the Faculty of Law of Palacký University in Olomouc in 1999. In 2005, he successfully completed his doctoral studies at the Masaryk University Faculty of Law in Brno. At the same faculty, he also successfully defended his habilitation thesis on the topic of freedom of speech in 2012 and was appointed an associate professor in constitutional law and theory of state. Freedom of speech and fundamental rights have been the main areas of his professional expertise.

Since 1999, he has been a member of the Department of Constitutional Law at the Faculty of Law of Palacký University in Olomouc. In 2024–2025, he was the Chair of the Department. He also served as Vice-Dean of the Faculty (2006–2007), member of the Academic Senate of Palacký University and chair of its Legislative Committee (2008–2011), and President of the Academic Senate of the Faculty of Law at Palacký University (2009–2024).

From 2008 to 2013, he was a member of the Working Committee of the Legislative Council of the Government of the Czech Republic. From 2013 to 2023, he was an assistant to the Constitutional Court Justice Milada Tomková. From 2023, he was an assistant to the Constitutional Court Justice Daniela Zemanová.

He is the editor and main author of the book Základní práva (Fundamental Rights, Leges, 2016), co-editor and co-author of a commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (C.H. Beck, 2020), and author of two monographs on freedom of expression (Freedom of Expression and Its Limits in Czech Law, Linde, 2002, and Freedom of Expression: Principles, Guarantees, Limits, Leges, 2010). He has also published dozens of academic articles, contributions to anthologies, and chapters in books on both constitutional law and human rights law.

He is a member of the editorial boards of the journals Právník (The Lawyer) and Časopis pro právní vědu a praxi (The Journal of Jurisprudence and Legal Practice) and a member of the Scientific Council of the Faculty of Law of Palacký University in Olomouc.

On 18 December 2025, the President of the Republic Petr Pavel appointed him a Justice of the Constitutional Court.